Chapter IV: Infrastructure Of Online Trading :

Most electronic commerce sites based on the same network infrastructure and communication protocols and standards and regulations of the web and Security systems.In this chapter we will focus on the basics of the software infrastructure and hardware which used for the purposes of sales and purchases of services and the conversation between the company and its customers And its trading partners.
Despite the fact that it is similar between the sites of electronic commerce is more than However, the different sites sometimes require special servers and parts, especially in locations where for example High number of visits and which need to be a particular way of selling and buying. In this chapter also will read from Some of these parts.When we discuss the structure of the infrastructure of the sites, we must focus filter that is not The only criterion. Most sites use the same technique!But the distinction between one location to another is how The use of this technique and the degree of interest in the commercial side of the site.

Network composed of several networks:

If we go back a few years back, we find that the companies were severely affected by the delivery of information Online forms and send to its employees, even to the particular geographic locations that are remote and inhabited A lot of people.But now, the company was able to send any information to any employee or customer or trading partner Or the general public in any place they are.
Many experts attribute the cause of this development to the Web.
But not for God, not 30 years or more of the investment and infrastructure development of the global network (Internet), what we have been able to Get on the web.
Many people use the Internet on a daily basis, but few understand how it works.In terms of Material) the physical), the Internet is a network of thousands of networks connected with each other. It is within these networks connected with each other:
1 -Fiqripalmtsalp columns with each other and that have a global reach
2 - A multitude of networks and the entry of partial distribution Thousands of institutional and private networks, which reach between servers of different organizations and companies) Which contains a lot of useful information. Is Backbones checks by service providers which include companies such as BBN Planet.
And PSINet and UUNET / MIS, Sprint, MCI.Each spinal column can send more than 300 terabytes each month.Micro-distribution networks for service providers by local and regional. Are exchanging data between online service providers and network service providers in the network entry points When you request information or data from your computer through the computer, the demand in most of the time will pass first Through a network of online service providers and then pass on the spinal column and one or more and then up to Another network of online service providers and finally to the computer, which has the information you requested.The answer to the request will pass the same way before.
However, each request and each answer there is no specific course Or previously installed. Rather, the request and the answer will be physically divided into parcels and each parcel into the path of The waves are special devices have a router.
These different routes are being planned against it by the Updated maps of the networks on the Internet and through these maps can demarcation routers Tracks of the packages.

Internet Protocols:

Most of the interesting things in the world of the Internet is that there is a certain control. This is Very reason that has prevented the companies from the initial investment in the Internet for commercial purposes.
Internet Not the same as the global system for mobile phones and administered by a small number of major telephone companies, which are Organization and enactment of laws by the governments and nations.
But the Internet is "organized chaos," which Works only because there are a lot of agreements that have taken place without any negotiations between all stakeholders IETF is a voluntary about the protocols that make the networks work, although the company Responsible for the development of criteria and characteristics of the Internet. According to one of specialist:"The problem of inter-networks is how to build a set of protocols that they could manage communication between Any two or more, which is used by each different operating systems.
To makes matters more complicated, each System connected with each other is not known characters from the rest of the regulations.
There is no hope Where is the knowledge System or any other software that are used or what used solid platform. "The protocol is a set of laws that define and determine how the two relate to each machine to some Across the network.Protocols that have been built by the Internet contains several basic designs:
1-interoperable:System support software and computers from the manufacturer Different companies.
This
- for electronic commerce
- I mean, that clients and employers will not have to Buy certain regulations for the conduct of trade.
2-layered:Any protocols that all work in layers so that each class will begin its work after the End class above or below it to complete its work. Each layer uses the data resulting from Class above or below it.
3-simple:Each layer is responsible for building some of the operations and functions
.4-end-to-end:Internet protocols are based on "end-to-end." This means that The interpretation and reading of data occur only in the application layer and not in the layers of the network.
As an example to clarify the picture, It is like the process of sending mail. Vsai mail does not know what is in the package or in the mail. Only The sender and the future are the only person who knew the nature of the message

TCP/IP:

Protocol, which provides solutions in the field of communication between global internetworks isTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
This means that any computer to the system or connected to the Internet, it uses TCP/IPIn fact, this protocol is a two protocols:
1-Transmision Control Protocol TCP.
2-Internet Protocol IP.The transmission control protocol function is to make sure that the two robots can communicate with each other Reliable manner.
Contact for transmission control protocol must be offset by the receipt of data poems. If not This is obtained after a certain period of notification, the sender of the re-transmission of data. In order to The process of transmission or a response to the request, the request sender should be split into sections called small Each package contains the device address of the sender and the future. Here interfere protocol packets. Packet The Internet. Internet Protocol packets and coordinates the distribution of addresses.Using the current version Internet Protocol, the number of titles available for just over 4 billion (2 S 32). This figure seems very high especially as the number of computers currently in the world is in Millions only.
The problem is that the distribution of news items are not individually, but collectively. For example, when the HP free to request an electronic address, the group was given the headlines "15." This means that HP Company Employing more than 16 million starting from the address 15.0.0.0. To 15.255.255.255. And smaller groups are given For smaller firms.The only positive for the mass distribution of the addresses online is to reduce the burden of covering the fact that if the custom made Address that starts at 15, this means that the data must go to the computer to present the The problem, however, that the number of titles available will be greatly reduced in the coming years. This is why HP.
Network Reason, many experts have begun the design of Next Generation Internet Protocol IPng.This protocol
- which was re-named to the Protocol Internet version of the sixth
- has been used only recently and uses 128-bit for the formulation of Addresses.
This allows the computer to billion (number one in his right hand and 15 is zero) to contact the Internet.

Domain Names:

Domain names such as www.c4arab.com guide Computers to certain sites on the Internet. Names Scale is divided into parts and each part separated from the other points. Part of the far right is the name of The main domain and part of the extreme left is the name of the computer and the computer center is secondery domain .For example, in the domain www.c4arab.com www Is the name of the computer automationcom is the main domain and c4arab is secondery domain .Domain names on the basis of the hierarchy. In the top of the pyramid we find the root domain. And under the root domain Njaddalntaqat Home. And in 1997 there were 7 key domainscom,net,org,edu,gov,mil,Under the scope of each key is a layer of secondary ranges and below the last layer of the secondary domain At the bottom of the bottom of the pyramid and find the real computersWhen an individual wants to access a particular site, that is taking place through the domain name and not by Address digital. In the behind the scenes, the domain name server will be transferred to the appropriate address digital Each organization and institution. Particularly with the use of your domain name is called Have equipped two of the domain name, one major and one minor in order to guide the strong pressure. Is not Able with the name of the primary or secondary domain name to the title of the transfer of digital, the name will be sent To the root domain and then to the main domain. The main domain has a list of servers Bands of the secondary. Are sent from the main domain name to the scale of secondary meaning to the order Find the individual destination. In spite of that the process has gone through several Bmzodat, it takes just a Micro Seconds.Authority to assign numbers to control the Internet domain name system. While theNetwork Solutions company Issue and manage domain names for most ranges Home.Most of the majority of names that have made in previous years, containing the main domaincom.Of course, the names must be unique and unparalleled. But the problem lies in the fact that many companies Nevsalasm those around the world! For example, imagine the number of companies with the name "Persian Gulf"? However, preference Given to those who apply the name first. Applicant must prove that it has the legal right to use that name First. If the outbreak of the conflict between the two companies is the right domain name, the company which has the brand Former win. It is one of the roads to reduce the dispute over domain names is to issue the additional major bands. It is currently being updated

United Parcel Service UPS:

United Barsl Service established in 1907 for distribution and transmission business correspondence is the largest company Distributed in the world today. From ancient times and the United Barsl Service allows customers to query Rzmanm Mailing by telephone. This process cost about two dollars for each connection, which is an expensive operation. Therefore, In 1995 established the United Barsl Service site on the Internet. In this first experiment, the Site hosted on the provider and the only one, and contains a few pages of the complex. But between 1996 and 1997 the site was developed in order to fully service the customers better. The new site contains a lot of marketing information in addition to:
- To allow clients to query Troadhm mail via the Internet
- Determine the cost of transportation and the time it would take the package to reach the goal
- Determining the time of the day to representatives of the United Service Barsl game you receive while you are in your home Or your
- To explore the nearest places to send them game